Ibikoresho bitanga umuriro w'amashanyarazi biri mu buryo butandukanye kandi bifite ingano nyinshi

Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ubu zirasanzwe mu mihanda yacu, kandi ibikorwa remezo byo gusharija birimo kubakwa hirya no hino ku isi kugira ngo bizikorere. Ni nk'amashanyarazi yo kuri sitasiyo ya lisansi, kandi vuba aha, zizaboneka hose.
Ariko, bitera ikibazo gishimishije. Pompe z'umwuka zisuka amazi mu byobo kandi kuva kera zakoreshejwe mu buryo busanzwe. Ibyo si ko bimeze mu isi y'ibikoresho bya EV, reka turebe uko umukino umeze ubu.

Ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi ryagiye ritera imbere byihuse kuva ryatangira gukoreshwa mu myaka icumi ishize. Kubera ko imodoka nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi zigifite ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara imodoka, abakora imodoka bagiye bakora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi vuba mu myaka yashize kugira ngo banoze imikorere yazo. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu kunoza bateri, ibikoresho byo kugenzura na porogaramu. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusharija ryateye imbere ku buryo imodoka zigezweho zikoresha amashanyarazi zishobora kongera intera y’ibirometero amagana mu minota 20 gusa.

Ariko, gusharija imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi kuri uyu muvuduko bisaba amashanyarazi menshi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakora imodoka n'amatsinda y'inganda bakomeje gukora kugira ngo bateze imbere amahame mashya yo gusharija kugira ngo bateri z'imodoka zikoresha umuriro mwinshi vuba bishoboka.
Nk'ubuyobozi, isoko risanzwe ryo mu rugo muri Amerika rishobora gutanga 1.8 kW. Bifata amasaha 48 cyangwa arenga kugira ngo ushyushye imodoka igezweho y'amashanyarazi uvuye muri iryo soko ryo mu rugo.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, imiyoboro igezweho yo gusharija imodoka za EV ishobora gutwara hagati ya 2 kW na 350 kW mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, kandi bisaba ko habaho guhuza ibikoresho byabugenewe. Amahame atandukanye yagiye avuka mu myaka yashize ubwo abakora imodoka bashaka gushyira ingufu nyinshi mu modoka ku muvuduko wihuta. Reka turebe amahitamo akunze kugaragara muri iki gihe.
Igipimo ngenderwaho cya SAE J1772 cyasohotse muri Kamena 2001 kandi kizwi kandi nka J Plug. Iki gikoresho cy’amashanyarazi gifite pin 5 gishyigikira gusharija AC ifite phase imwe kuri 1.44 kW iyo ihujwe n’icyuma gisanzwe cy’amashanyarazi cyo mu rugo, gishobora kongera ingufu kugeza kuri 19.2 kW iyo gishyizwe ku gikoresho cy’amashanyarazi cy’imodoka yihuta cyane. Iki gikoresho cyohereza ingufu za AC zifite phase imwe ku nsinga ebyiri, ibimenyetso ku zindi nsinga ebyiri, naho icya gatanu ni uguhuza ubutaka burinda.
Nyuma ya 2006, J Plug yabaye itegeko ku modoka zose zikoresha amashanyarazi zigurishwa muri Kaliforuniya maze ihita ikundwa muri Amerika no mu Buyapani, ndetse ikwirakwira no mu yandi masoko mpuzamahanga.
Umuhuza wo mu bwoko bwa 2, uzwi kandi n'uwawukoze, uruganda rw'Abadage Mennekes, watanzwe bwa mbere mu 2009 nk'umusimbura SAE J1772 yo mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Ikintu nyamukuru kiyiranga ni imiterere yayo y'umuhuza w'amapine 7 ushobora gutwara ingufu za AC z'icyiciro kimwe cyangwa eshatu, bigatuma ishobora gusharija imodoka kugeza kuri 43 kW. Mu by'ukuri, charger nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa 2 zirenga kuri 22 kW cyangwa munsi yayo. Kimwe na J1772, ifite kandi pin ebyiri zo gukoresha ibimenyetso byo gushyiramo n'ibya nyuma yo gushyiramo. Hanyuma ifite ubutaka burinda, icyuma kitagira aho gihuriye n'amashanyarazi atatu yo gushyiramo AC z'icyiciro kimwe.
Mu 2013, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi wahisemo plugs zo mu bwoko bwa 2 nk'uburyo bushya bwo gusimbuza J1772 hamwe n’uduhuza twa EV Plug Alliance two mu bwoko bwa 3A na 3C two gukoresha mu gusharija AC. Kuva icyo gihe, connector yemewe cyane ku isoko ry’i Burayi kandi iboneka no mu modoka nyinshi zo ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
CCS isobanura Sisitemu yo Gusharija Ihuriweho kandi ikoresha "combo" connector kugira ngo yemerere gusharija DC na AC. Yasohotse mu Ukwakira 2011, iyi gahunda igamije koroshya ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingufu zo gusharija DC zihuta cyane mu modoka nshya. Ibi bishobora kugerwaho wongeyeho ibyuma bibiri bya DC ku bwoko bwa AC connector busanzweho. Hari ubwoko bubiri bw’ingenzi bwa CCS, Combo 1 connector na Combo 2 connector.
Combo 1 ifite umuhuza wa AC wo mu bwoko bwa 1 J1772 hamwe n'ibyuma bibiri binini bya DC. Kubwibyo, imodoka ifite umuhuza wa CCS Combo 1 ishobora guhuzwa na charger ya J1772 kugira ngo isharije AC, cyangwa na connector ya Combo 1 kugira ngo isharije DC yihuta cyane. Iyi miterere ikwiriye imodoka zo ku isoko rya Amerika, aho imihuza ya J1772 imaze kuba ikintu gisanzwe.
Ibihuza bya Combo 2 bifite umuhuza wa Mennekes uhujwe n'ibyuma bibiri binini bya DC. Ku isoko ry'i Burayi, ibi byemerera imodoka zifite soketi za Combo 2 gushyushya kuri AC imwe cyangwa eshatu binyuze muri connector ya Type 2, cyangwa DC charger yihuta ihujwe na connector ya Combo 2.
CCS yemerera AC charger ku rugero rwa J1772 cyangwa Mennekes sub-connector yubatswe muri iyo shusho. Ariko, iyo ikoreshejwe mu gusharija DC byihuse, yemerera charger yihuse kugeza kuri 350 kW.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi cya DC gifite icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi cya Combo 2 gikuraho imikoranire ya AC phase ndetse n'aho idahurira mu cyuma gitanga amashanyarazi kuko bidakenewe. Ikigo gitanga amashanyarazi cya Combo 1 kirazisiga aho ziri, nubwo zidakoreshwa. Imiterere yombi ishingiye ku bimenyetso bimwe bikoreshwa n'icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi kugira ngo gihuze hagati y'ikinyabiziga n'icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi.
Nk’imwe mu masosiyete yatangije ubucuruzi bw’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, Tesla yiyemeje gushushanya imiyoboro yayo yo gushyushya kugira ngo ihuze n’ibyo imodoka zayo zikeneye. Ibi byatangijwe mu rwego rw’umuyoboro wa Tesla wa Supercharger, ugamije kubaka umuyoboro wo gushyushya vuba kugira ngo ushyigikire imodoka z’isosiyete nta bindi bikorwa remezo byinshi cyangwa se nta bindi.
Nubwo iyi kompanyi ishyira imodoka zayo mu bwoko bwa 2 cyangwa CCS connectors mu Burayi, muri Amerika, Tesla ikoresha uburyo bwayo bwo gushyushya. Ishobora gushyigikira AC single-phase na 3-phase charger, ndetse no gushyushya DC yihuta cyane kuri sitasiyo za Tesla Supercharger.
Sitasiyo za Tesla za Supercharger za mbere zatangaga ingufu zigera kuri kilowati 150 kuri buri modoka, ariko nyuma yaho ibyuma byazaga ingufu nke mu mijyi byari bifite umupaka muto wa kilowati 72. Imashini ziheruka za shajara za sosiyete zishobora kugeza ku modoka zifite ibikoresho bikwiye ku ngufu zigera kuri 250 kW.
Igipimo ngenderwaho cya GB/T 20234.3 cyashyizweho n’Ikigo gishinzwe Ubuziranenge mu Bushinwa kandi gikubiyemo imiyoboro ishobora gusharija vuba icyarimwe AC na DC byihuse icyarimwe. Uretse isoko ryihariye ry’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa, gifite amanota menshi yo gukora kuri volts zigera ku 1.000 DC na amps 250 no gusharija ku muvuduko wa kilowatts zigera kuri 250.
Ntabwo bishoboka ko wasanga iki cyambu ku modoka idakorewe mu Bushinwa, yagenewe isoko ry'Ubushinwa cyangwa ibihugu bifitanye umubano wa hafi n'ubucuruzi.
Ahari igishushanyo gishimishije cyane cy'iki cyambu ni A+ na A- pins. Bipimwe ku muvuduko wa voltage ugera kuri 30 V n'umuvuduko wa voltage ugera kuri 20 A. Bisobanurwa mu buryo busanzwe nka "ingufu nke z'amashanyarazi ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zitangwa n'amashanyarazi akoreshwa hanze y'ubwato".
Ntabwo bisobanutse neza mu buhinduzi icyo ari cyo, ariko zishobora kuba zaragenewe gufasha gutangiza imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi ifite bateri yapfuye burundu. Iyo bateri ya EV na bateri ya 12V byombi byabuze, bishobora kugorana gusharija imodoka kuko ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga by'imodoka bidashobora gukanguka ngo bivugishe charger. Contactors nazo ntizishobora gushyirwamo ingufu zo guhuza icyuma gikurura n'uburyo butandukanye bw'imodoka. Izi pin ebyiri zishobora kuba zaragenewe gutanga ingufu zihagije zo gukoresha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga by'ibanze by'imodoka no gutanga ingufu kuri contactors kugira ngo bateri nyamukuru ikurura ishobora gusharija nubwo imodoka yaba yapfuye burundu. Niba uzi byinshi kuri ibi, tubwire mu bitekerezo.
CHAdeMO ni uburyo bwo guhuza imodoka za EV, cyane cyane iyo zikoresha amashanyarazi yihuta. Ishobora gutanga ingufu zigera kuri 62.5 kW binyuze mu buryo bwayo bwihariye bwo guhuza imodoka. Ubu ni bwo buryo bwa mbere bwo guhuza imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (uko byakozwe n'uwabikoze) kandi bufite ibyuma bifunga imodoka bikoresha CAN kugira ngo bihuzwe n'imodoka n'icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi.
Iyi gahunda yatanzwe kugira ngo ikoreshwe ku isi yose mu 2010 ku nkunga y’abakora imodoka bo mu Buyapani. Ariko, iyi gahunda yakoreshejwe mu Buyapani gusa, aho Uburayi bukomeje gukoresha ubwoko bwa 2 naho Amerika igakoresha J1772 na Tesla ubwayo. Hari igihe, EU yatekereje kubuza burundu charger za CHAdeMO, ariko amaherezo ifata icyemezo cyo gusaba ko sitasiyo zo gusharija zigomba kugira "byibura" connectors za Type 2 cyangwa Combo 2.
Muri Gicurasi 2018 hatangajwe ivugurura rijyanye n’inyuma, rizatuma chargers za CHAdeMO zitanga ingufu zigera kuri 400 kW, zirenze ndetse n’izihuza na CCS mu kibuga. Abashyigikiye CHAdeMO babona ko ari ihame rimwe ku isi aho kuba itandukaniro hagati y’amahame ya CCS yo muri Amerika n’ay’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi. Ariko, yananiwe kubona ibintu byinshi byaguzwe hanze y’isoko ry’Ubuyapani.
Igipimo cya CHAdeMo 3.0 cyatangiye gutegurwa kuva mu 2018. Kitwa ChaoJi kandi gifite igishushanyo gishya cy’umuyoboro wa 7-pin cyakozwe ku bufatanye n’Ikigo gishinzwe Ubuziranenge mu Bushinwa. Kirizera kongera igipimo cyo gusharija kikagera kuri 900 kW, kikagera kuri 1.5 kV, kandi kikazana amps 600 zose hakoreshejwe insinga zikonjeshwa n’amazi.
Mu gihe usoma ibi, ushobora kubabarirwa utekereza ko aho waba utwaye imodoka yawe nshya ya EV, hari uburyo butandukanye bwo gushyushya bwiteguye kugutera ikibazo. Ku bw'amahirwe, si ko bimeze. Inzego nyinshi zigorwa no gushyigikira uburyo bumwe bwo gushyushya mu gihe zitarimo izindi nyinshi, bigatuma imodoka nyinshi n'ibikoresho byo gushyushya mu gace runaka bihura. Birumvikana ko Tesla muri Amerika ari ikintu kidasanzwe, ariko bafite n'umuyoboro wabo wihariye wo gushyushya.
Nubwo hari abantu bamwe bakoresha charger itari yo ahantu hadakwiye mu gihe kitari cyo, bashobora gukoresha ubwoko runaka bwa adaptateri aho bayikeneye. Mu gihe kizaza, imashini nyinshi nshya za EV zizakurikiza ubwoko bwa charger zisanzwe mu turere zigurishamo, bityo ubuzima bukoroha kuri buri wese.
Ubu uburyo bwo gusharija bukoreshwa ku isi hose ni USB-C.Ibintu byose bigomba gushyushwa hakoreshejwe USB-C, nta kindi. Ndatekereza ko hari plug ya 100KW EV, ikaba ari seti y'uduhuza twa USB C 1000 dufatanye muri plug ikora neza. Ukoresheje ibikoresho bikwiye, ushobora gukomeza uburemere buri munsi ya kg 50 (110 lb) kugira ngo byoroshye kuyikoresha.
Imodoka nyinshi za PHEV n'izikoresha amashanyarazi zifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibiro bigera ku 1000, bityo ushobora gukoresha karavani kugira ngo utware adapters na converters. Peavey Mart nayo iri kugurisha genny muri iki cyumweru niba hari GVWR magana make zo kugurisha.
Mu Burayi, isuzuma rya Type 1 (SAE J1772) na CHAdeMO ryirengagiza burundu ko Nissan LEAF na Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, ebyiri mu modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zigurishwa cyane, zifite izi connectors.
Izi connectors zikoreshwa cyane kandi ntabwo zigenda. Nubwo Ubwoko bwa 1 n'Ubwoko bwa 2 bihuye ku rwego rw'ikimenyetso (bituma insinga ya 2 ishobora gukurwaho n'Ubwoko bwa 1), CHAdeMO na CCS ntabwo bihuye. LEAF nta buryo bufatika ifite bwo gusharija kuri CCS.
Niba charger yihuta itagishoboye gukoreshwa na CHAdeMO, natekereza cyane kugaruka kuri ICE car mu rugendo rurerure nkagumana LEAF yanjye kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu gace k’iwacu gusa.
Mfite Outlander PHEV. Nakoresheje uburyo bwa DC fast charge inshuro nke, kugira ngo mbugerageze iyo mfite igiciro cyo gusharija ubuntu. Yego, bushobora gusharija bateri kugeza kuri 80% mu minota 20, ariko ibyo byaguha amashanyarazi agera kuri kilometero 20.
Imashini nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi yihuta cyane (DC) ntizigura amafaranga menshi, bityo ushobora kwishyura hafi inshuro 100 fagitire y'amashanyarazi isanzwe kuri kilometero 20, ibyo bikaba ari byinshi cyane ugereranyije n'iyo waba utwaye lisansi gusa. Imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi ku munota nazo ntabwo ari nziza cyane, kuko zigarukira kuri 22 kW.
Nkunda Outlander yanjye kuko uburyo bwa EV bukoresha urugendo rwanjye rwose, ariko uburyo bwo gusharija vuba bwa DC ni ingirakamaro nk'uko ibere rya gatatu ry'umugabo rimeze.
Umuhuza wa CHAdeMO ugomba kuguma ari umwe ku mababi yose (ikibabi?), ariko ntugahangayikishwe na Outlanders.
Tesla kandi igurisha adaptateri zemerera Tesla gukoresha J1772 (birumvikana) na CHAdeMO (igitangaje kurushaho). Amaherezo bahagaritse adaptateri ya CHAdeMO maze bashyiramo adaptateri ya CCS…ariko ku modoka zimwe na zimwe gusa, mu masoko amwe na amwe. Adaptateri isabwa kugira ngo ishyuze Tesla zo muri Amerika ukoresheje charger ya CCS Type 1 ifite socket ya Tesla Supercharger igurishwa muri Koreya gusa (!) kandi ikora gusa ku modoka zigezweho. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=584HfILW38Q
American Power ndetse na Nissan bavuze ko bahagaritse Chademo bakayishyira kuri CCS. Nissan Arya nshya izaba CCS, kandi Leaf izahagarika gukora vuba aha.
Inzobere mu by’amashanyarazi yo mu Buholandi, Muxsan, yazanye uburyo bwo kongeramo CCS kuri Nissan LEAF kugira ngo isimbuze umuyoboro wa AC. Ibi bituma ubwoko bwa 2 AC na CCS2 DC zisharija mu gihe zibungabunga umuyoboro wa CHAdeMo.
Ndabizi 123, 386 na 356 ntarebye. Mu by'ukuri, bibiri bya nyuma narabivanze, bityo ngomba kubigenzura.
Yego, birushijeho kuba bibi iyo utekereje ko bifitanye isano…ariko nagombaga kubyikandaho ubwanjye kandi ndakeka ko ari byo, ariko umubare nta kintu na kimwe umpa.
Umuyoboro wa CCS2/Type 2 winjiye muri Amerika nk'umuyoboro usanzwe wa J3068. Ikoreshwa ryawo ni iry'imodoka ziremereye, kuko ingufu z'ibice bitatu zitanga umuvuduko wihuta cyane. J3068 igena voltage iri hejuru kurusha Type2, kuko ishobora kugera kuri 600V phase-to-phase. Gutanga DC ni kimwe na CCS2. Voltages n'amashanyarazi birenga amahame ya Type2 bisaba ibimenyetso bya digitale kugira ngo imodoka na EVSE bibashe kumenya imikoranire. Ku muyoboro ushobora kuba wa 160A, J3068 ishobora kugera kuri 166kW by'ingufu za AC.
“Muri Amerika, Tesla ikoresha uburyo bwayo bwo gushyushya. Ishobora gushyigikira AC single-phase na 3-phase charger”
Ni icyiciro kimwe gusa. Muri rusange ni plug-in ya J1772 iri mu buryo butandukanye hamwe n'imikorere ya DC yongeweho.
J1772 (CCS type 1) ishobora gushyigikira DC, ariko sinigeze mbona ikintu na kimwe kiyishyira mu bikorwa. Porotokole ya j1772 "itagira ubwenge" ifite agaciro ka "Digital Mode Required" naho "Type 1 DC" bivuze DC kuri L1/L2 pin." Type 2 DC" isaba pin z'inyongera kuri combo connector.
Ibihuza bya Tesla byo muri Amerika ntibishyigikira AC y’icyiciro cya gatatu. Abanditsi bavanga ibihuza bya Amerika n’iby’i Burayi, ibihuza bya nyuma (bizwi kandi nka CCS Type 2) birabyumvikana.
Ku ngingo ijyanye n'iyi: Ese imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zemerewe kujya mu muhanda zitarishyuye umusoro ku muhanda? Niba ari byo, kuki? Dufashe ko ari ahantu nyaburanga (hadashoboka na gato) hazwiho kwita ku bidukikije aho imodoka zirenga 90% by'amashanyarazi zose zikoresha amashanyarazi, umusoro wo gukomeza umuhanda uzaturuka he? Ushobora kongeramo ibyo ku giciro cyo kwishyuza abaturage, ariko abantu bashobora no gukoresha panneaux solaire mu ngo zabo, cyangwa se moteri zikoresha mazutu mu buhinzi (nta musoro ku muhanda).
Byose biterwa n'ubutegetsi. Hari ahantu hamwe hatangirwa umusoro ku binyabiziga gusa. Hari n'aho batanga amafaranga yo kwiyandikisha ku modoka nk'inyongera ku binyabiziga.
Hari igihe, bumwe mu buryo ibi biciro bizasubizwamo bugomba guhinduka. Ndifuza kubona uburyo buboneye aho amafaranga ashingira ku buremere bw'imodoka kuko ari byo bigena uko imodoka yangiritse n'uko yangiritse mu muhanda. Umusoro wa karuboni ku bikomoka kuri lisansi ushobora kuba mwiza cyane ku kibuga cy'imikino.