Bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’isoko ry’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu mu Bushinwa, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rya V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) ryarushijeho kuba ingenzi mu kubaka ingamba z’igihugu z’ingufu n’imiyoboro y’ikoranabuhanga. Ikoranabuhanga rya V2G rihindura imodoka z’amashanyarazi mo ububiko bw’ingufu zigendanwa kandi rigakoresha imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi y’inzira ebyiri kugira ngo riherekeze ingufu ziva ku modoka zijya ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Binyuze muri iri koranabuhanga, imodoka z’amashanyarazi zishobora gutanga ingufu ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’imizigo myinshi no gushyushya mu gihe cy’imizigo mike, bigafasha kuringaniza umuzigo ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi.
Ku ya 4 Mutarama 2024, Komisiyo y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Iterambere n'Ivugurura n'izindi nzego zasohoye inyandiko ya mbere ya politiki y'imbere mu gihugu yibanda cyane cyane ku ikoranabuhanga rya V2G - "Ibyifuzo byo gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo gushimangira imikoranire n'imikoranire y'ibinyabiziga bishya by'ingufu n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi." Hashingiwe ku "Ibitekerezo Biyobora ku Kubaka Uburyo Bwiza bw'Ibikorwaremezo Byo Gutanga Ingufu" byatanzwe n'Ibiro Bikuru by'Inama ya Leta, ibitekerezo byo gushyira mu bikorwa ntibyasobanuye gusa igisobanuro cy'ikoranabuhanga rihuza ibinyabiziga n'imiyoboro, ahubwo byanagaragaje intego n'ingamba zihariye, kandi biteganya kuzikoresha mu karere ka Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei-Shandong, Sichuan na Chongqing n'utundi turere dufite imiterere ihamye yo gushyiraho imishinga y'icyitegererezo.
Amakuru yabanje agaragaza ko hari imiyoboro igera ku 1.000 gusa yo gusharija ifite imikorere ya V2G mu gihugu, kandi ubu hari imiyoboro igera kuri miliyoni 3.98 yo gusharija mu gihugu, ikaba ari 0.025% gusa by'umubare w'imiyoboro isanzwe yo gusharija. Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga rya V2G ryo guhuza imodoka n'imiyoboro naryo rirakuze, kandi ikoreshwa n'ubushakashatsi bw'iri koranabuhanga si ibintu bidasanzwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hari umwanya munini wo kunoza uburyo ikoranabuhanga rya V2G rikunzwe cyane mu mijyi.
Nk’igerageza ry’umujyi wa Beijing ku rwego rw’igihugu ku bijyanye no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zikomoka ku karubone, irimo guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa. Imodoka nini nini z’ingufu zo mu mujyi n’ibikorwa remezo byo gusharija byashyizeho urufatiro rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya V2G. Mu mpera za 2022, umujyi umaze kubaka imiyoboro irenga 280.000 yo gusharija n’ahantu 292 ho guhindurira bateri.
Ariko, mu gihe cyo kwamamaza no gushyira mu bikorwa ikoranabuhanga rya V2G, ikoranabuhanga naryo rihura n’imbogamizi nyinshi, ahanini zijyanye no gukora neza no kubaka ibikorwa remezo bijyanye naryo. Abashakashatsi bo mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya The Paper Research Institute baherutse gukora ubushakashatsi ku nganda zijyanye n’ingufu, amashanyarazi n’inganda zikoresha ingufu mu mijyi.
Imigozi yo gusharija inzira ebyiri isaba ikiguzi kinini cy'ishoramari rya mbere
Abashakashatsi bamenye ko ikoranabuhanga rya V2G riramutse rimenyekanye mu mijyi, rishobora kugabanya ikibazo cy’ “ibice bito byo gusharija” mu mijyi. Ubushinwa buracyari mu ntangiriro zo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya V2G. Nk’uko umuyobozi ushinzwe uruganda rw’amashanyarazi yabigaragaje, mu buryo bw’imitekerereze, ikoranabuhanga rya V2G risa no kwemerera telefoni zigendanwa gusharija amabanki y’amashanyarazi, ariko ikoreshwa ryaryo mu by’ukuri risaba imicungire ihanitse ya bateri no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya grid.
Abashakashatsi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku bigo bitanga charger mu matsinda yo muri Beijing maze bamenya ko muri iki gihe, inyinshi mu matsinda yo gutanga charger mu mujyi wa Beijing ari amatsinda yo gutanga charger y’inzira imwe ashobora gusa charger y’imodoka. Kugira ngo duteze imbere amatsinda yo gutanga charger y’inzira ebyiri hamwe n’imikorere ya V2G, ubu duhanganye n’imbogamizi nyinshi zifatika:
Icya mbere, imijyi yo mu cyiciro cya mbere, nka Beijing, ihanganye n'ikibazo cy'ubukene bw'ubutaka. Kubaka sitasiyo zo kwishyuza amafaranga zifite imikorere ya V2G, byaba ugukodesha cyangwa kugura ubutaka, bivuze ishoramari ry'igihe kirekire n'ibiciro biri hejuru. Ikindi kandi, biragoye kubona ubundi butaka buhari.
Icya kabiri, bizafata igihe kugira ngo hahindurwe imiyoboro yo gushyushya isanzweho. Ikiguzi cy'ishoramari ryo kubaka imiyoboro yo gushyushya irahanitse, harimo ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho, aho gukodesha n'insinga zo guhuza n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ubusanzwe iyi shoramari rifata nibura imyaka 2-3 kugira ngo rigaruzwe. Niba kongera gushyiramo ibikoresho bishingiye ku miyoboro yo gushyushya isanzweho, amasosiyete ashobora kubura inyungu zihagije mbere yuko amafaranga asubizwa.
Mbere, inkuru z’itangazamakuru zavugaga ko muri iki gihe, gukwirakwiza ikoranabuhanga rya V2G mu mijyi bizahura n’imbogamizi ebyiri zikomeye: Iya mbere ni ikiguzi cyo kubaka cy’ibanze kiri hejuru. Icya kabiri, niba amashanyarazi y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ahujwe n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi adakora neza, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ituze ry’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi.
Icyerekezo cy'ikoranabuhanga kiri mu by'icyizere kandi gifite ubushobozi bukomeye mu gihe kirekire.
Ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rya V2G risobanuye iki ku batunze imodoka? Ubushakashatsi bufatika bwerekana ko ingufu za tram ntoya zigera kuri 6km/kWh (ni ukuvuga kilowati imwe y'amashanyarazi ku isaha imwe ishobora gukora kilometero 6). Ubushobozi bwa batiri bw'imodoka nto zikoresha amashanyarazi muri rusange ni 60-80kWh (kilowati-amasaha 60-80 z'amashanyarazi), kandi imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi ishobora kwishyuza kilowati-amasaha 80 z'amashanyarazi. Ariko, ingufu zikoreshwa n'imodoka zirimo n'umwuka ushyushye, nibindi. Ugereranyije n'imiterere ikwiye, intera yo gutwara imodoka izagabanuka.
Umuntu ushinzwe ikigo cyavuzwe haruguru gishinzwe gutanga amashanyarazi afite icyizere ku ikoranabuhanga rya V2G. Yagaragaje ko imodoka nshya ikoresha ingufu ishobora kubika amashanyarazi ya kilowati 80 mu gihe yuzuye kandi ikaba ishobora kugeza amashanyarazi ya kilowati 50 mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi kuri grid buri gihe. Hashingiwe ku biciro by'amashanyarazi bitangwa n'abashakashatsi babonye muri parikingi yo munsi y'ubutaka bw'iduka riri mu muhanda wa East Fourth Ring Road, muri Beijing, igiciro cyo gutanga amashanyarazi mu masaha atari ay'umuvuduko ni yuan 1.1/kWh (ibiciro byo gutanga amashanyarazi biri hasi mu nkengero z'umujyi), naho igiciro cyo gutanga amashanyarazi mu masaha atari ay'umuvuduko ni yuan 2.1/kWh. Dufashe ko nyiri imodoka yishyuza amashanyarazi mu masaha atari ay'umuvuduko buri munsi kandi agatanga amashanyarazi ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi mu masaha atari ay'umuvuduko, hashingiwe ku biciro biriho ubu, nyiri imodoka ashobora kubona inyungu ya yuan 50 ku munsi. “Hamwe n'impinduka zishobora guterwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, nko gushyira mu bikorwa ibiciro ku isoko mu masaha atari ay'umuvuduko, inyungu zituruka ku modoka zitanga amashanyarazi ku miyoboro ishobora kwiyongera cyane.”
Umuntu ushinzwe uruganda rw'amashanyarazi rwavuzwe haruguru yagaragaje ko binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga rya V2G, ikiguzi cyo gutakaza bateri kigomba kwitabwaho iyo imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zohereje umuriro ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Raporo zijyanye n'ibyo zivuga ko ikiguzi cya bateri ya 60kWh kingana n'amadolari y'Amerika 7,680 (bingana na RMB 55,000).
Ku bigo bitanga ingufu, uko umubare w’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu ukomeza kwiyongera, isoko ry’ikoranabuhanga rya V2G naryo rizagenda ryiyongera. Iyo imodoka zikoresha ingufu zikoresha amashanyarazi zohereza ingufu ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi binyuze mu matsinda akoresha ingufu, ibigo bitanga ingufu zishobora kwishyuza "amafaranga runaka ya serivisi". Byongeye kandi, mu mijyi myinshi mu Bushinwa, ibigo bishora imari kandi bigakoresha amatsinda akoresha ingufu, kandi leta izatanga inkunga ijyanye nayo.
Imijyi yo mu gihugu ikomeje kwamamaza buhoro buhoro porogaramu za V2G. Muri Nyakanga 2023, sitasiyo ya mbere yo kwerekana uburyo bwo gushyushya V2G yo mu Mujyi wa Zhoushan yashyizwe mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro, kandi itegeko rya mbere ryo gushyushya muri pariki mu Ntara ya Zhejiang ryarangiye neza. Ku ya 9 Mutarama 2024, NIO yatangaje ko itsinda ryayo rya mbere ry’amasitasiyo 10 yo gushyushya V2G yo mu Mujyi wa Shanghai ryatangiye gukora ku mugaragaro.
Cui Dongshu, umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu rishinzwe amakuru ku isoko ry’imodoka zitwara abagenzi, afite icyizere ku bushobozi bw’ikoranabuhanga rya V2G. Yabwiye abashakashatsi ko hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya bateri zikoresha ingufu, igihe cy’imikorere ya bateri gishobora kwiyongera kikagera ku nshuro 3.000 cyangwa kirenga, bingana n’imyaka 10 yo gukoreshwa. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu bihe byo gukoreshwa aho imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikunze gusharijwa kandi zigasohoka.
Abashakashatsi bo mu mahanga bakoze ibisa n’ibyo. ACT yo muri Ositaraliya iherutse kurangiza umushinga w’imyaka ibiri w’ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga rya V2G witwa “Kubona Serivisi z’Imodoka Zikoresha Amashanyarazi mu Gukoresha Udukoresho twa Grid (REVS)”. Bigaragaza ko hamwe n’iterambere rikomeye ry’ikoranabuhanga, ikiguzi cyo gushyushya V2G cyitezweho kugabanuka cyane. Ibi bivuze ko mu gihe kirekire, uko ikiguzi cyo gushyushya ibikoresho kigabanuka, igiciro cy’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi nacyo kizagabanuka, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi cyo gukoresha igihe kirekire. Ibi byavumbuwe bishobora kandi kuba ingirakamaro cyane mu kuringaniza ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’ingufu nyinshi.
Bikeneye ubufatanye bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'igisubizo kijyanye n'isoko.
Ku rwego rwa tekiniki, inzira y'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi igaruka ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi izongera imikorere muri rusange.
Xi Guofu, umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe iterambere ry’inganda rya Leta y’Ubushinwa rishinzwe imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, yigeze kuvuga ko gusharija imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu nyinshi bikubiyemo “umutwaro mwinshi n’ingufu nkeya”. Abenshi mu batunze imodoka nshya bamenyereye gusharija hagati ya saa kumi n’ebyiri na saa mbiri z’umugoroba, ibyo bikaba bihurirana n’igihe cy’umutwaro w’amashanyarazi mu ngo. Kugera kuri 85%, ibyo byongera umutwaro w’amashanyarazi mwinshi kandi bigatera ingaruka zikomeye ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi.
Mu buryo bufatika, iyo imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zisubiza ingufu z'amashanyarazi kuri grid, transformateur iba ikenewe guhindura voltage kugira ngo ihuze na grid. Ibi bivuze ko inzira yo gusohora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi igomba guhuza ikoranabuhanga rya transformateur ry'urukuta rw'amashanyarazi. By'umwihariko, kohereza ingufu ziva mu gipangu cyo gusharija kuri tram bikubiyemo kohereza ingufu z'amashanyarazi ziva mu gipangu cyo hejuru zijya mu gipangu cyo hasi, mu gihe kohereza ingufu ziva muri tram zijya mu gipangu cyo gusharija (bityo zikajya mu gipangu) bisaba kwiyongera kuva ku gipangu cyo hasi zijya mu gipangu cyo hejuru. Mu ikoranabuhanga ni ibintu bigoye cyane, birimo guhindura voltage no kwemeza ko ingufu z'amashanyarazi zihamye kandi zikubahiriza amahame y'urukuta.
Uwari ushinzwe uruganda rw'amashanyarazi rwavuzwe haruguru yagaragaje ko uru ruganda rw'amashanyarazi rugomba gucunga neza ingufu mu bijyanye no gusharija no gusohora ingufu mu modoka nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba atari ikibazo cya tekiniki gusa, ahubwo binasaba no guhindura ingamba zo gukoresha uru ruganda.
Yagize ati: “Urugero, hari aho insinga z’amashanyarazi zihari ntabwo zifite ubugari buhagije bwo gushyigikira umubare munini w’imiyoboro yo gusharija. Ibi bingana n’imiyoboro y’amazi. Umuyoboro mukuru ntushobora gutanga amazi ahagije ku miyoboro yose y’amashami kandi ugomba kongera gushya. Ibi bisaba kongera gushyarija cyane. Ibiciro byo kubaka birahenda cyane.” Nubwo imiyoboro yo gusharija yashyirwa ahantu runaka, ishobora kudakora neza bitewe n’ibibazo by’ubushobozi bw’umuyoboro.
Imirimo yo guhuza ibintu ikwiye gutezwa imbere. Urugero, imbaraga z'imizingo yo gusharija buhoro akenshi ni kilowati 7 (7KW), mu gihe ingufu zose z'ibikoresho byo mu rugo mu rugo zisanzwe ari kilowati 3 (3KW). Iyo imizingo imwe cyangwa ibiri yo gusharija ihujwe, umutwaro ushobora gukururwa wose, kandi nubwo ingufu zakoreshwa mu masaha atari ay'umuvuduko, amashanyarazi ashobora gukomezwa kurushaho. Ariko, iyo umubare munini w'imizingo yo gusharija uhujwe kandi ingufu zigakoreshwa mu gihe cy'umuvuduko, ubushobozi bw'umuzigo bw'imizigo bushobora kurenza.
Umuntu ushinzwe uruganda rw'amashanyarazi rwavuzwe haruguru yavuze ko mu rwego rwo gukwirakwiza ingufu, isoko ry'amashanyarazi rishobora gusuzumwa kugira ngo hakemurwe ikibazo cyo guteza imbere gusharija no kohereza ingufu nshya ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi mu gihe kizaza. Kuri ubu, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zigurishwa n'ibigo bitanga ingufu ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, hanyuma zikayakwirakwiza ku bakoresha n'ibigo. Gukwirakwiza ingufu mu byiciro byinshi byongera ikiguzi rusange cy'amashanyarazi. Niba abakoresha n'ibigo bashobora kugura amashanyarazi mu bigo bitanga ingufu, bizoroshya uruhererekane rw'amashanyarazi. “Kugura amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye bishobora kugabanya imikoranire hagati, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi cy'imikorere y'amashanyarazi. Bishobora kandi guteza imbere ibigo bitanga ingufu kugira ngo bigire uruhare runini mu gutanga amashanyarazi no kugenzura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ibi bikaba bifite akamaro kanini mu mikorere myiza y'isoko ry'amashanyarazi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza imodoka n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.”
Qin Jianze, umuyobozi w’ikigo gishinzwe ingufu (Energy Service Center) cya State Grid Smart Internet of Vehicles Technology Co., Ltd., yavuze ko binyuze mu gukoresha imikorere n’ibyiza bya platform ya Internet of Vehicles, ubwinshi bw’ibikoresho mbonezamubano bushobora guhuzwa na platform ya Internet of Vehicles kugira ngo byorohereze imikorere y’abakora mu mibanire y’abantu. Kubaka urwego rw’ibanze, kugabanya ikiguzi cy’ishoramari, kugera ku bufatanye bwiza hagati ya buri wese na platform ya Internet of Vehicles, no kubaka urusobe rw’inganda rurambye.
Susie
Sichuan Green Science & Technology Ltd., Co.
0086 19302815938
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-10-2024
