Ibihe nyuma yicyorezo byatangije umurongo mushya wo gukenera ibicanwa bitwara abantu. Urebye ku isi hose, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere nk'indege no kohereza ibicuruzwa bifata ibicanwa nka kimwe mu bicanwa by'ingenzi biva mu nganda zitwara abantu. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo guhanga ibinyabuzima bikomoka kuri peteroli? Ni ubuhe bushobozi bwo gusaba mubice bigoye gukuramo karubone? Ni ubuhe buryo bwa politiki y'ibihugu byateye imbere?
Iterambere ryumwaka ryumusaruro rigomba kwihuta
Kugeza ubu, bioethanol na biodiesel biracyari ibicanwa bikoreshwa cyane. Bioethanol iracyafite umwanya wiganje muri biyogi yisi yose. Ntishobora gusa kuba lisansi ishobora kuvugururwa kandi irambye kugirango igabanye ikoreshwa rya peteroli, ariko kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bitandukanye n’ibishishwa bitandukanye mu nganda z’imiti.
Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (IEA) cyagaragaje muri raporo ya “Ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa 2023 ″” ko niba intego yo kohereza imyuka ihumanya ikirere muri 2050 igomba kugerwaho, umusaruro w’ibinyabuzima ukomoka ku bimera ukenera kwiyongera ku kigereranyo cy’umwaka wa 11% kuva ubu kugeza 2030 . Biteganijwe ko mu mpera za 2030, amavuta y’imyanda yo mu gikoni, imyanda y’ibiribwa n’ibyatsi by’ibihingwa azaba afite umubare munini w’ibikoresho fatizo bikomoka kuri peteroli, bigera kuri 40%.
IEA yavuze ko umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’ibicuruzwa bikomoka kuri peteroli bidashobora gufasha kugera ku ntego zero mu 2050. Kuva mu 2018 kugeza 2022, ubwiyongere bw’umwaka ku musaruro w’ibinyabuzima ku isi ni 4% gusa. Kugeza mu 2050, igipimo cy’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu bice by’indege, mu nyanja n’imihanda bizakenera kugera kuri 33%, 19% na 3%.
IEA iteganya ko ibinyabuzima bikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi byiyongera kuri litiro miliyari 35 ku mwaka hagati ya 2022 na 2027. Muri byo, ubwiyongere bw’ibikomoka kuri mazutu ishobora kongera ingufu na peteroli ya bio-jet biva mu bihugu byateye imbere; kwiyongera kwa bioethanol na biodiesel ikoreshwa hafi yubukungu bugenda buzamuka.
Hagati ya 2022 na 2027, uruhare rwa biyogi mu rwego rwa peteroli yo gutwara abantu ku isi ruziyongera ruva kuri 4.3% rugere kuri 5.4%. Kugeza mu 2027, biteganijwe ko peteroli ikomoka kuri bio-jet ku isi iziyongera kugera kuri litiro miliyari 3.9 ku mwaka, bikubye inshuro 37 iyo 2021, bingana na 1% by'ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu ndege.
Amavuta yingirakamaro cyane yo gutwara transport
Biragoye cyane gusibanganya inganda zitwara abantu. IEA yizera ko mu gihe gito cyangwa giciriritse, ibicanwa aribwo buryo bwiza cyane bwo gutwara decarbonisation. Umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku bimera birambye bizakenera kwikuba gatatu hagati ya 2030 na 2030 kugira ngo ugere ku ntego yo kohereza imyuka iva mu kirere bitarenze 2050.
Hariho inganda nini zemeza ko ibicanwa bitanga uburyo bwo guhatanira igiciro cyo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu bwikorezi mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Mubyukuri, guhuza nibikorwa remezo bya peteroli bihari bituma lisansi ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gusimbuza ibicanwa biva mumato asanzwe.
Nubwo ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bitera imbere byihuse, ikinyuranyo cyibikoresho bisabwa mu gukora bateri nini n’ingorabahizi mu gushyira ibikoresho byo kwishyuza ahantu hadateye imbere biracyafite imbogamizi ku kwakirwa kwabo. Mu gihe giciriritse cyangwa kirekire, uko urwego rwo gutwara abantu rugenda rufite amashanyarazi, ikoreshwa rya lisansi rizahinduka ryerekeza ku mirenge igoye amashanyarazi, nk'indege n'amazi.
Impuguke mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu by'ubuhinzi cya Campinas muri Brezil, Heitor Cantarella yagize ati: "Ibicanwa biva mu mazi nka bioethanol na biodiesel birashobora gusimbuza lisansi na mazutu mu buryo butaziguye, bigatanga ubundi buryo bukuze kandi bunini ku isoko ryiganjemo ibinyabiziga bifite moteri yaka imbere".
igihugu cyanjye nacyo cyihutisha kohereza ibicanwa mu rwego rwo gutwara abantu. Mu 2023, igihugu cyanjye gikoresha indege za kerosene mu ndege kizaba hafi toni miliyoni 38.83, aho imyuka ihumanya ikirere irenga toni miliyoni 123, bingana na 1% by'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu gihugu. Mu rwego rwa “karubone ebyiri”, lisansi irambye yindege ninzira ishoboka cyane yo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu nganda zindege.
Mo Dingge, Umuyobozi n’Umunyamabanga w’Ishyaka rya Sinopec Ningbo Zhenhai Gutunganya no Gutunganya imiti, Ltd, aherutse gutanga ibitekerezo bifatika byo kubaka sisitemu y’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli zirambye zijyanye n’Ubushinwa: kwihutisha ishyirwaho ry’ibicuruzwa binini kandi byiza sisitemu y'ibikoresho fatizo bishingiye kuri bio nk'amavuta n'amavuta; Igihugu cyanjye cyigenga kandi kigenzurwa na gahunda ihamye yo gutanga ibyemezo no kunoza politiki yo gushyigikira politiki y’inganda biteza imbere iterambere ryiza ry’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli zirambye.
Amerika n'Uburayi bitanga politiki
Mu bihugu byateye imbere, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zifite uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ibicanwa. Bivugwa ko Amerika yageneye miliyari 9.7 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu nganda zikomoka kuri peteroli binyuze mu itegeko ryo kugabanya ifaranga.
Muri Gashyantare, Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije na Minisiteri y’ingufu muri Amerika bafatanije gutanga itangazo rivuga ko amafaranga yatanzwe mu itegeko rigenga igabanuka ry’ibiciro azashyirwa imbere mu kugenerwa ibigo bifite imishinga y’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu za biyogi mu rwego rwo kunoza imikorere no kugabanya ibiciro bya peteroli. ikoranabuhanga.
Joseph Goffman, umukozi mu biro bya EPA bishinzwe ikirere n’imirasire ya EPA, yagize ati: “Iyi ntambwe igamije guteza imbere udushya mu bicuruzwa bikomoka kuri peteroli.” Jeff Marootian, umunyamabanga wungirije wungirije ushinzwe ingufu n’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu muri Minisiteri y’ingufu muri Amerika, yagize ati: “Ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabuzima, kugira ngo hongerwe ingufu zikenerwa n’amavuta y’indege arambye hamwe n’ibindi bicanwa bikomoka kuri karubone.”
Bimwe mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byemeza ko ibicanwa bigomba gushyirwa mu rwego rw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitagira aho bibogamiye kugira ngo inganda zishobore gushora imari.
Urukiko rw’Ubugenzuzi bw’Uburayi ruvuga ko Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi udafite ingamba ndende z’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, bishobora guhungabanya intego z’ubwikorezi bw’akarere. Mubyukuri, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wagiye uhungabana. Mbere yari igamije kongera igipimo cya lisansi mu gukoresha ingufu zo gutwara abantu ku mihanda kugera kuri 10% muri 2020, ariko nyuma ireka iyi ntego. Kugeza ubu, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi urabona ko ibicanwa bifite ingufu nyinshi mu ndege, mu bwikorezi no mu zindi nzego, kandi bikongera kwigirira icyizere mu iterambere.
Nikolaos Milionis, umuyobozi w’urukiko rw’ubugenzuzi bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi, yemeye ko politiki y’ibihugu by’Uburayi igoye kandi ko yagiye ihinduka kenshi mu myaka 20 ishize. Yakomeje agira ati: “Ibikomoka kuri peteroli birashobora kugira uruhare mu ntego z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi no kutongera ingufu z’umutekano, ariko haracyariho gahunda z’iterambere zisobanutse kandi zisobanutse. Kutagira ubuyobozi bwa politiki nta gushidikanya bizongera ingaruka z’ishoramari kandi bigabanye gukurura inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli zikomoka ku Burayi. ”
Susie
Sichuan Green Science & Technology Ltd, Co
0086 19302815938
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-30-2024
