Nyuma y’icyorezo, habayeho ubwiyongere bushya bw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu gutwara abantu. Mu rwego rw’isi, amashami ahumanya ikirere nk’indege n’ubwikorezi bw’ubwato areba peteroli nk’imwe mu mashanyarazi y’ingenzi mu gukuraho karubone mu nganda zitwara abantu. Ni gute ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli rihagaze? Ni iyihe mpamvu ishobora gukoreshwa mu bice bigoye gukuraho karubone? Ni iyihe ntego y’ibihugu byateye imbere?
Igipimo cy'izamuka ry'umusaruro ku mwaka kigomba kwihutishwa
Kugeza ubu, bioethanol na biodiesel biracyari biofuel zikoreshwa cyane. Bioethanol iracyari ku mwanya ukomeye muri biofuel ku isi. Ntabwo ishobora kuba lisansi y'amazi ishobora kongera gukoreshwa kandi irambye kugira ngo igabanye ikoreshwa rya peteroli, ahubwo ishobora no gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye n'imiti ishongesha mu nganda z'imiti.
Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Ingufu (IEA) cyagaragaje muri raporo ya “Ingufu Zishobora Gusubiramo 2023” ko niba intego yo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu 2050 igomba kugerwaho, umusaruro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi ugomba kwiyongeraho impuzandengo ya 11% buri mwaka kuva ubu kugeza mu 2030. Biteganijwe ko mu mpera za 2030, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ibikomoka ku biribwa n’ibyatsi by’ibihingwa bizaba ari byo bitera imbere cyane mu bikoresho fatizo bya peteroli, bikagera kuri 40%.
IEA yavuze ko igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’umusaruro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli kidashobora gufasha kugera ku ntego ntarengwa muri 2050. Kuva mu 2018 kugeza 2022, igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’umusaruro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi buri mwaka ni 4% gusa. Mu 2050, igipimo cy’ikoreshwa rya peteroli mu ngendo z’indege, mu mazi no mu mihanda minini kizaba kigeze kuri 33%, 19% na 3%.
IEA yiteze ko igikenewe ku isi muri lisansi y’ibinyabuzima kiziyongeraho litiro miliyari 35 ku mwaka hagati ya 2022 na 2027. Muri byo, ukwiyongera kw’ikoreshwa rya mazutu ishobora kuvugururwa na lisansi y’ibinyabuzima hafi ya byose biterwa n’ibihugu byateye imbere; ukwiyongera kw’ikoreshwa rya bioethanol na lisansi y’ibinyabuzima hafi ya byose biterwa n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere.
Hagati ya 2022 na 2027, uruhare rwa lisansi mu ishami ry’ubwikorezi ku isi ruzava kuri 4.3% rugere kuri 5.4%. Biteganyijwe ko mu 2027, igikenewe ku isi cyose cya lisansi ya bio-jet kizagera kuri litiro miliyari 3.9 ku mwaka, inshuro 37 z’ugereranyije n’umwaka wa 2021, bingana na hafi 1% by’ikoreshwa ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu ndege.
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli ingirakamaro cyane mu gutwara abantu
Biragoye cyane gukuraho karubone mu nganda zitwara abagenzi. IEA yizera ko mu gihe gito cyangwa giciriritse, ibikomoka kuri peteroli ari bwo buryo bwiza bwo gukuraho karubone mu gutwara abagenzi. Umusaruro w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli birambye ku isi uzakenera kwiyongera inshuro eshatu hagati y’ubu na 2030 kugira ngo intego yo gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka mu gutwara abagenzi igerweho bitarenze umwaka wa 2050.
Hari ubwumvikane busesuye mu nganda ko ibikomoka kuri peteroli bitanga uburyo bwo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere iva mu rwego rw'ubwikorezi mu myaka iri imbere. Mu by'ukuri, guhuza ibikorwa remezo n'ibikorwa remezo by'ibikomoka kuri peteroli bihari bituma ibikomoka kuri peteroli biba amahitamo afatika yo gusimbuza ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu mato asanzwe.
Nubwo imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zirimo gutera imbere vuba, icyuho cy’ibikoresho bikenewe mu gukora batiri nini ndetse n’ingorane zo gushyira ibikoresho byo gusharija mu turere tudateye imbere biracyari imbogamizi ku ikoreshwa ryazo rikwirakwira hose. Mu gihe giciriritse kugeza igihe kirekire, uko urwego rw’ubwikorezi rugenda rurushaho kugira amashanyarazi, ikoreshwa rya lisansi y’ibinyabuzima rizahinduka rikajya mu nzego zigoye gukoresha amashanyarazi, nko mu ndege no mu mazi.
“Ibikomoka ku bimera nk’ibikomoka kuri bioethanol na biodiesel bishobora gusimbura lisansi na mazutu mu buryo butaziguye, bigatanga ubundi buryo bworoshye kandi bushobora kwaguka ku isoko ryiganjemo ibinyabiziga bikoresha moteri zitwika imbere mu butaka,” ibi byavuzwe na Heitor Cantarella, impuguke mu Kigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Buhinzi cya Campinas muri Brezili.
Igihugu cyanjye kirimo kwihutisha ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya peteroli mu rwego rwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu. Muri 2023, ikoreshwa rya peteroli mu ndege mu gihugu cyanjye rizaba ringana na toni miliyoni 38.83, aho imyuka ihumanya ikirere irenga toni miliyoni 123, ikaba ingana na 1% by'imyuka yose ihumanya ikirere ihumanya ikirere mu gihugu. Mu rwego rwa "karubone ebyiri", peteroli irambye mu ndege niyo nzira ishoboka yo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu nganda z'indege.
Mo Dingge, Perezida akaba n'Umunyamabanga w'Ishyaka rya Sinopec Ningbo Zhenhai Refining and Chemical Co., Ltd., aherutse gutanga ibitekerezo by'ingenzi byo kubaka sisitemu irambye y'inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga mu ndege ijyanye n'ukuri kw'Ubushinwa: kwihutisha ishyirwaho rya sisitemu nini kandi ikora neza yo gutanga ibikoresho fatizo bikomoka ku binyabuzima nka peteroli n'amavuta; sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo birambye y'igihugu cyanjye yigenga kandi igenzurwa hamwe na sisitemu nziza yo gushyigikira politiki y'inganda biteza imbere iterambere ryiza ry'inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga mu ndege zirambye.
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'Uburayi biha uburenganzira bwo gukoresha politiki
Mu bihugu byateye imbere mu bukungu, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zikora cyane mu guteza imbere iterambere rya lisansi ikomoka ku bimera. Bivugwa ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashyize miliyari 9.7 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu nganda zikoresha lisansi ikomoka ku bimera binyuze mu Itegeko ryo Kugabanya Izamuka ry'Ibiciro.
Muri Gashyantare, Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije cya Amerika n’Ishami rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rishinzwe ingufu bashyize ahagaragara itangazo rivuga ko amafaranga atangwa hakurikijwe Itegeko ryo Kugabanya Izamuka ry’Ibiciro azashyirwa imbere kugira ngo ahabwe ibigo bifite imishinga y’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha lisansi ya biofuel kugira ngo binoze imikorere kandi bigabanye ikiguzi cy’ikoranabuhanga rikora lisansi ya biofuel.
Joseph Goffman, umukozi mu biro bishinzwe ikirere n’imirasire ya EPA, yagize ati: “Iki gikorwa kigamije gushishikariza udushya mu gutunganya ibikomoka kuri peteroli bigezweho.” Jeff Marootian, umunyamabanga wungirije wungirije ushinzwe gukoresha neza ingufu n’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa muri Minisiteri y’Ingufu ya Amerika, yagize ati: “Ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga rya peteroli bikomoka kuri peteroli, kugira ngo habeho ubwiyongere bw’ibyifuzo bya peteroli zikoreshwa mu ndege zirambye n’izindi peteroli zikomoka kuri peteroli nke.”
Bimwe mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi byemera ko ibikomoka kuri peteroli (biofuel) bigomba gushyirwa mu rwego rw’umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi rudakoresha karubone kugira ngo inganda zishobore gukurura ishoramari.
Urukiko rw'Ubugenzuzi rw'Imari rw'u Burayi ruvuga ko EU idafite ingamba z'igihe kirekire zo gukoresha ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ibi bikaba bishobora kwangiza intego z'akarere zo gukuraho karubone mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu. Mu by'ukuri, icyo EU itekereza ku bikomoka kuri peteroli cyarahindutse. Mbere yari igamije kongera igipimo cy'ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu kugeza kuri 10% mu 2020, ariko nyuma irareka iyi ntego. Kuri ubu, EU irabona ko ibikomoka kuri peteroli bifite ubushobozi bukomeye mu by'indege, mu mato n'ahandi, kandi irimo kongera icyizere mu iterambere.
Nikolaos Milionis, umukozi w’Urukiko rw’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi rw’Abagenzuzi, yemeye ko gahunda ya politiki y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli y’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi igoye kandi yahindutse kenshi mu myaka 20 ishize. “Ibikomoka kuri peteroli bishobora kugira uruhare mu ntego y’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi yo kudakoresha karuboni no kongera umutekano w’ingufu zabyo, ariko haracyari ibura rya gahunda z’iterambere zisobanutse neza kandi zisobanutse. Kutagira ubuyobozi bwa politiki nta gushidikanya ko byongera ibyago by’ishoramari kandi bigabanye ubwiza bw’inganda zikora ibikomoka kuri peteroli z’Uburayi.”
Susie
Sichuan Green Science & Technology Ltd., Co.
0086 19302815938
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-30-2024
