Ni izihe mashini zikora kuri DC gusa? Ubuyobozi bwuzuye bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rikoresha umuriro mu buryo buziguye

Mu isi yacu igenda irushaho kwiyongera k'amashanyarazi, gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati y'ingufu zisimburana (AC) n'ingufu zikoresha umuriro utaziguye (DC) ntibyigeze biba ingenzi cyane kurusha ibyo. Nubwo amashanyarazi menshi yo mu ngo aboneka ari AC, ibikoresho byinshi bigezweho bikora gusa ku ngufu za DC. Iyi nyandiko irambuye isesengura isanzure ry'ibikoresho bya DC gusa, isobanura impamvu bisaba umuriro utaziguye, uburyo babyakira, n'icyabitandukanya cyane n'ibikoresho bikoresha umuriro utaziguye (AC).

Gusobanukirwa DC vs AC Power

Itandukaniro ry'ibanze

Impamvu bimwe na bimwe bikora kuri DC gusa

1. Kamere ya Semiconductor: Ibyuma by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho byishingikiriza kuri transistors zikenera ingufu zihamye z'amashanyarazi
2. Ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza imiterere y'ikirereIbice nka za LED bikora gusa iyo bifite icyerekezo gikwiye cya +/-
3. Guhuza bateri: DC ihura n'imiterere y'isohoka rya bateri
4. Ibisabwa mu buryo bunonosoye: Imiyoboro y'ikoranabuhanga ikenera ingufu zitagira urusaku

Ibyiciro by'ibikoresho bya DC-Only

1. Ibyuma by'ikoranabuhanga bitwara abantu

Ibi bikoresho biboneka hose bigaragaza ubwoko bunini bw'ibikoresho bya DC gusa:

• Telefoni zigendanwa na Tableti
  • Koresha kuri 3.7-12V DC
  • Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gutanga ingufu za USB: 5/9/12/15/20V DC
  • Imashini zikoresha charger zihindura AC muri DC (zigaragara ku bipimo by' "ibisohoka")
• Mudasobwa zigendanwa n'amakaye
  • Ubusanzwe imikorere ya DC ya 12-20V
  • Amatafari y'amashanyarazi akora ihinduranya rya AC-DC
  • Gushaja USB-C: 5-48V DC
• Kamera za digitale
  • 3.7-7.4V DC ivuye muri bateri za lithium
  • Ibikoresho byo gupima amashusho bisaba ingufu zihamye

Urugero: iPhone 15 Pro ikoresha 5V DC mu gihe gisanzwe, yakira 9V DC mu gihe gito mu gihe cyo gusharija vuba.

2. Ibyuma by'ikoranabuhanga by'imodoka

Imodoka zigezweho muri rusange ni sisitemu z'amashanyarazi za DC:

• Sisitemu z'imyidagaduro
  • Umurimo wa DC wa 12V/24V
  • Ecran zo gukoraho, ibyuma byo kuyobora
• ECU (Ibice bigenzura moteri)
  • Mudasobwa zikoreshwa mu modoka zikomeye
  • Gusaba ingufu za DC zisukuye
• Amatara ya LED
  • Amatara yo mu mutwe, amatara yo mu nzu
  • Ubusanzwe 9-36V DC

Ikigaragara gishimishije: Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zirimo ibyuma bihindura ingufu bya DC-DC kugira ngo bimanure ingufu za batiri ya 400V zigere kuri 12V ku bikoresho.

3. Sisitemu z'ingufu zisubira

Imiterere y'izuba ishingiye cyane kuri DC:

• Ibyuma bitanga imirasire y'izuba
  • Gukora amashanyarazi ya DC mu buryo busanzwe
  • Igice gisanzwe: 30-45V DC open circuit
• Banki z'Abateri
  • Bika ingufu nk'uko DC ibivuga
  • Aside y'ubushyuhe: 12/24/48V DC
  • Lithiyumu-iyoni: 36-400V+ DC
• Ibikoresho bigenzura ubwishyu
  • Ubwoko bwa MPPT/PWM
  • Gucunga ihinduka rya DC-DC

4. Ibikoresho by'itumanaho

Ibikorwa remezo by'umuyoboro bishingiye ku bwizerwe bwa DC:

• Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bya Cell Tower
  • Ubusanzwe -48V DC isanzwe
  • Sisitemu zo kubika bateri
• Ibikoresho bya Fiber Optic
  • Abashoferi ba laser bakeneye DC
  • Akenshi 12V cyangwa 24V DC
• Ihindagurika ry'Umuyoboro/Routers
  • Ibikoresho byo mu kigo cy'amakuru
  • Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bya DC 12V/48V

5. Ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi

Ibikoresho byita ku barwaye indwara zikomeye bikunze gukoresha DC:

• Ibikoresho byo kugenzura abarwayi
  • ECG, imashini za EEG
  • Hakenewe ubudahangarwa bw'urusaku rw'amashanyarazi
• Isuzumabumenyi rigendanwa
  • Ibikoresho byo gupima ikoranabuhanga rya Ultrasound
  • Imashini zipima amaraso
• Ibikoresho Bishobora Guterwamo
  • Amamashini afasha mu gupanisha ibinyabiziga
  • Ibikoresho bitera ubwonko gutera imbaraga

Icyitonderwa cy'umutekano: Sisitemu za DC z'ubuvuzi zikunze gukoresha amashanyarazi yihariye kugira ngo umurwayi agire umutekano.

6. Sisitemu zo kugenzura inganda

Ikoranabuhanga ryikora rishingiye kuri DC:

• PLC (Abagenzuzi b'imitekerereze bashobora gutegurwa)
  • Igipimo cya DC cya 24V
  • Igikorwa kirwanya urusaku
• Ibikoresho byo Gupima no Gutera Ingufu
  • Ibipimo by'aho hafi
  • Vali za Solenoid
• Robotike
  • Ibyuma bigenzura moteri za Servo
  • Akenshi sisitemu za DC za 48V

Impamvu ibi bikoresho bidashobora gukoresha AC

Inzitizi za tekiniki

1. Kwangirika kw'ihindagurika rya Polarity
   • Diode na transistors birananirwa hamwe na AC
   • Urugero: Amatara ya LED yahitaga agurumana/akanyaruka
2. Ihungabana ry'Urugendo rw'Igihe
   • Amasaha yo kuri interineti ashingira ku buryo DC ihamye
   • AC yakongera gukoresha microprocessors
3. Gukora ubushyuhe
   • AC itera igihombo mu bushobozi/uburyo bwo gusohora
   • DC itanga uburyo bwo kohereza amashanyarazi neza

Ibisabwa mu mikorere

Guhindura Ingufu ku Bikoresho bya DC

Uburyo bwo guhindura AC-kuva kuri DC

1. Adaptateri zo ku rukuta
   • Ibisanzwe ku bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bito
   • Irimo icyuma gikosora ibintu, n'icyuma gigenzura ibintu
2. Ingufu z'imbere mu rugo
   • Mudasobwa, televiziyo
   • Imiterere y'uburyo bwa Switched
3. Sisitemu z'ibinyabiziga
   • Alternator + icyuma gikosora
   • Gucunga bateri za EV

Guhindura DC-kuva DC

Akenshi bikenewe kugira ngo uhuze voltages:

• Abahindura Buck(Kumanuka)
• Kongera Abahindura (Boost Converters)(Iterambere)
• Buck-Boost(Ibyerekezo byombi)

Urugero: Shajara ya mudasobwa igendanwa ya USB-C ishobora guhindura 120V AC → 20V DC → 12V/5V DC uko bikenewe.

Ikoranabuhanga Rigezweho Rikoresha DC

1. Udukoresho duto twa DC

• Amazu agezweho yatangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa
• Ihuza ibikoresho bikoresha imirasire y'izuba, bateri, n'ibikoresho bya DC

2. Gutanga ingufu za USB

• Kwaguka kugeza ku bushobozi bwo hejuru
• Igipimo ngenderwaho cy'inzu y'ejo hazaza

3. Uduce tw'ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi

• Imodoka ya V2H (Imodoka ijya mu rugo) yohereza imodoka ya DC
• Gushyushya mu cyerekezo cy'imirongo ibiri

Kumenya Ibikoresho bya DC-Gusa

Gusobanura icyapa

Shaka:

• Ibimenyetso bya "DC Only"
• Ibimenyetso bya Polarity (+/-)
• Ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi bidafite ~ cyangwa ⎓

Ingero z'Ikoreshwa ry'Ingufu

1. Umuhuza w'imbunda
   • Ibisanzwe kuri za routers, monitors
   • Ibintu byiza/bibi hagati
2. Imbuga za USB
   • Ingufu za DC zihora zikora
   • 5V y'ibanze (kugeza kuri 48V hamwe na PD)
3. Ibice by'amapine
   • Ibikoresho by'inganda
   • Byanditseho neza +/-

Ibitekerezo ku mutekano

Ingaruka zihariye za DC

1. Ibikoresho byo gushyigikira uruziga
   • Imirongo ya DC ntabwo izimya ubwayo nk'uko AC ibikora
   • Hakenewe ibikoresho byihariye byo gukata
2. Amakosa yo kugabanya imiterere y'ikirere
   • Guhuza inyuma bishobora kwangiza ibikoresho
   • Suzuma neza mbere yo guhuza
3. Ingaruka za batiri
   • Isoko rya DC rishobora gutanga umuriro mwinshi
   • Ingaruka z'umuriro wa batiri ya Lithium

Uko amateka ahagaze

"Intambara y'imigezi" hagati ya Edison (DC) na Tesla/Westinghouse (AC) amaherezo yabonye AC itsindira kohereza amakuru, ariko DC yongeye kugaruka mu rwego rw'ibikoresho:

• Mu myaka ya 1880: Imiyoboro ya mbere y'amashanyarazi ya DC
• Mu myaka ya 1950: Impinduramatwara ya Semiconductor yashyigikiye DC
• Mu myaka ya za 2000: Igihe cy'ikoranabuhanga cyatumye DC iba ingenzi

Ejo hazaza h'amashanyarazi ya DC

Ibyerekezo bigaragaza ko ikoreshwa rya DC riri kwiyongera:

• Ikora neza cyane ku bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho
• Ingufu zisubira zikomoka kuri DC
• Ibigo by'amakuru byongera ikwirakwizwa rya 380V DC
• Iterambere ry’ibipimo ngenderwaho by’urugo bya DC rishoboka

Umwanzuro: Isi Iyobowe na DC

Nubwo AC yatsinze urugamba rwo kohereza amashanyarazi, DC yatsinze urugamba rwo gukoresha igikoresho. Kuva kuri telefoni iri mu mufuka wawe kugeza ku mirasire y'izuba iri ku gisenge cyawe, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryacu ry'ingenzi. Gusobanukirwa ibikoresho bikenewe na DC bifasha muri ibi bikurikira:

• Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye
• Amahitamo y'amashanyarazi afite umutekano
• Guteganya ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu rugo mu gihe kizaza
• Gukemura ibibazo bya tekiniki

Uko tugenda tugana ku ngufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, akamaro ka DC kazakomeza kwiyongera. Ibikoresho byagaragajwe hano bigaragaza intangiriro y'ejo hazaza hakoresha DC, bisezeranya imikorere myiza no koroshya sisitemu z'ingufu.