Byanditswe na Finn Peacock – Injeniyeri w’amashanyarazi wa Chartered, wahoze ari CSIRO, nyiri amashanyarazi, washinze SolarQuotes.com.au
Waba urimo gutekereza kugura imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa EV, utegereje ko igezwa, cyangwa utwaye imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa EV, kumenya uburyo (n'uko) bishyuza ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ubukode bw'imodoka.
Muri iyi nyandiko, nzaganira ku ngufu (kW) n'ingufu (kWh). Kumenya itandukaniro ni ingenzi! Abantu bahora babivanga – ndetse n'abakora amashanyarazi bakagombye kuba babizi neza.
Imodoka isanzwe ikoresha lisansi ikura ku ntera ya kilometero 10 uvuye kuri litiro 1 ya lisansi. Imodoka isanzwe ikoresha amashanyarazi ikura ku ntera ya kilometero 6 uvuye kuri kWh 1 y'amashanyarazi.
Ku modoka ikoresha lisansi, ukeneye litiro 10 za lisansi kugira ngo ugende kilometero 100. Ku giciro gito cyane cya $1.40 kuri litiro imwe ya lisansi, 10 x $1.40 = $14 kuri kilometero 100.
Icyitonderwa: Litiro ya lisansi irenga $2 kuri litiro imwe mu gihe cyo kwandika iyi nkuru – ariko ndakomeza $1.40 kugira ngo nerekane ko imodoka za EV zihendutse cyane, nubwo umunyagitugu w’Uburusiya atarengeje urugero ku biciro bya lisansi.
Mu modoka ikoresha amashanyarazi, hakenewe kWh 16 z'amashanyarazi kugira ngo igende kilometero 100. Niba umucuruzi wawe w'amashanyarazi yishyuza amasenti 21 kuri kWh, ikiguzi ni 16 x $0.21 = $3.36.
Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zirahendutse kuzitwara iyo utekereje kuzishyushya ukoresheje imirasire y'izuba cyangwa kuzishyushya ku giciro kitari icy'umuvuduko ushingiye ku biciro by'igihe cyo kuzikoresha (ToU). Reka dukore imibare imwe n'imwe igaragaza ibi bikurikira:
Niba ufite fagitire y'amashanyarazi ya 21c n'igiciro cy'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba cya 8c, ikiguzi cyo gusharija imodoka ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ni 8c. Ibyo bihendutseho 13c kuri kWh ugereranyije no gusharija imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga.
Ibiciro by'amashanyarazi ku gihe cyo kubikoresha biguca ibiciro bitandukanye bitewe n'amasaha y'umunsi uvana kuri grid.
Gereranya ibiciro bitandukanye by'amashanyarazi bya Aurora Energy Tasmania mu bihe bitandukanye by'umunsi:
Niba washyizeho charger yawe ya EV kugira ngo ikore gusa kuri iyi gahunda ya ToU hamwe na Aurora kuva saa yine za mu gitondo kugeza saa yine z'umugoroba, uburebure bwa kilometero 100 buzagutwara 16 x $0.15 = $2.40.
Gahunda y'amashanyarazi ya Ositaraliya mu gihe kizaza ni ibiciro by'igihe cyo kuyikoresha, amashanyarazi ahendutse cyane ku manywa (izuba nyinshi) no nijoro (ubusanzwe umuyaga mwinshi n'ubukene buke).
Muri Ositaraliya y'Epfo, wishyuzwa amasenti 7.5 kuri kilowati-saaha y'umunsi mu gihe cyo gukoresha ikiguzi cy'igihe gitanga "sponge y'izuba."
Abacuruzi bamwe na bamwe batanga ibiciro byihariye bya EV aho ushobora kwishyura igiciro gito kuri kWh kugira ngo wishyuze EV yawe mu bihe runaka, cyangwa igiciro gihoraho cya buri munsi cyo kwishyuza nta mupaka.
Ikintu cya nyuma - witondere "ibiciro by'ibikenewe". Izi gahunda z'amashanyarazi ziguca fagitire nto y'amashanyarazi, ariko zishobora kugushyira mu kaga gakomeye niba amashanyarazi yawe arenze urugero runaka. Guca amashanyarazi yawe ya EV ukoresheje charger ya 22 kW ya phase 3 bishobora gutuma wishyura fagitire yawe isanzwe inshuro 10!
Shajara y'imodoka isanzwe ni igikoresho cyoroshye cyane. Akazi kacyo ni "kubaza" imodoka niba ishobora kwakira shaja iyo ari yo yose, kandi niba ari uko bimeze, guha imodoka umuriro mu mutekano kugeza igihe ibwiwe guhagarara.
Shajara ya EV ntishobora gukoresha ingufu zihuse kurusha uko imodoka iyisabye (ibyo bikaba ari akaga), ariko niba ufite ubwenge, ishobora gufata icyemezo cyo kugabanya umuvuduko w'ishaja cyangwa ishingiye ku zindi mpamvu – urugero:
Shajara za AC zo mu rugo nazo ni AC. Ibyo bivuze ko nta kintu na kimwe cyakozwe kidasanzwe. Zigenzura gusa kilowatts za AC 230V zinjira mu modoka.
Mu by’ukuri, agasanduku k’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ushobora kugura kugira ngo usharishe imodoka yawe ntabwo ari sharija. Kuko icyo bikora gusa ni ugutanga ingufu za AC zigenzurwa. Mu by’ukuri, sharija nyayo iba iri mu modoka, igahindura AC muri DC kandi igakora n’indi mirimo yose yo gusharija.
Iyi charger ya EV iri mu bwato ifite umupaka w’ingufu zikomeye ku ihinduka ryayo rya AC-DC. Kilowati 11 ni wo mupaka w’imodoka nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi - nka Tesla Model 3 na Mini Cooper SE.
Kwatura kw'abaswa: Nagombye kwita igikoresho ushyira mu modoka yawe EVSE (Ibikoresho byo Gutanga Ibinyabiziga by'Amashanyarazi). Ariko ibyo bizatera urujijo abantu benshi basanzwe, bityo rero mu kaga ko kubona ubutumwa bwa email buturutse ku injeniyeri wagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru, mbyita "charger".
Imashini za EV zihuta cyane ni zo zikoresha amashanyarazi zishyira ingufu za DC muri batiri. Ntabwo zigengwa n'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi kuko zitayakoresha.
Niba imodoka yawe ishoboye kuyitwara, izi modoka zishobora gushyaja kugeza kuri 350 kW za DC. Menya ko zigomba kugabanya umuvuduko cyane iyo bateri yawe igeze kuri 70%. Nyamara, zishobora kongeraho kilometero 350 mu minota 10 gusa.
Inganda zakoresheje amagambo asobanura gusharija buhoro, hagati n'ingufu. Biteye inkeke, byitwa sharija yo ku rwego rwa 1, urwego rwa 2, n'urwego rwa 3.
Shajara yo ku rwego rwa 1 ni insinga n'itafari ry'amashanyarazi bihuzwa n'amashanyarazi asanzwe. Bishyuza kuri 1.8 kugeza 2.4 kW uvuye ku gikoresho gisanzwe cyo mu rugo.
Inama y'inzobere: Niba uruganda rwawe rudatanga uburyo bwo guhuza imodoka yawe hakoreshejwe telefoni, menya neza ko uyiguze hanyuma uyishyire mu gikapu cy'imodoka yawe - bishobora kugufasha kuzigama umunsi wose wa bacon nubwo utajya uyikoresha mu rugo.
Kugira ngo dusobanure icyo igipimo cyo kwishyuza cya 1.8 kW ku rwego rwa mbere bivuze - bizongerera 1.8 kWh ku isaha kuri batiri y'imodoka yawe.
Ingufu za kWh 1 muri batiri ya EV zingana na kilometero 6 z'uburebure. Kubwibyo, charger yo ku rwego rwa 1 ishobora gutanga intera ya kilometero 10 ku isaha. Iyo ushyushye imodoka mu ijoro rimwe (hafi amasaha 8), uzongeraho kilometero 80 z'uburebure.
Ariko urwego rwa 1 rushobora gusharija ku muvuduko wo hejuru. Bitewe n'uwakoze, igikoresho cyawe gishobora kuba gifite plugs zishobora guhindurwa.
Shajara zose za EV zigendanwa ziza zifite plug zisanzwe za 10A, kimwe n'ibindi bikoresho byose byo mu rugo rwawe, ariko zimwe na zimwe ziza zifite plug za 15A zishobora guhindurwa. Izi zifite agace kanini k'ubutaka kandi zisaba soketi yihariye ishobora gufata insinga nini kuri 15A. Niba ufite karavani, ushobora kuba uzizi.
Hari charger zimwe na zimwe zigendanwa zifite "umurizo" wa 15A. Izi ni tail ends za 10A na 15A ziza na charger ya Tesla mobile muri Ositaraliya.
Niba chargeur yawe igendanwa ifite 15A ku iherezo kandi ukaba ushaka kuyishyuza uri mu rugo, uzakenera ahantu ho guparika imodoka hafite 15A. Witeze kwishyura hafi $500 kuri iyi installation.
Impamo y'Abahanga: Niba voltage ya grid yawe iri hejuru (igomba kuba 230V, ariko ubusanzwe 240V+), uzabona ingufu nyinshi kuko ingufu = voltage y'amashanyarazi x.
Icyitonderwa cy'ingirakamaro: Bitewe n'uruganda, charger zigendanwa ubusanzwe ziba zifite aho zigarukira kuri 80% by'amashanyarazi yazo. Bityo charger ya 10A ishobora gukora kuri 8A gusa, naho igikoresho cya 15A gishobora gukora kuri 12A gusa. Bivanze n'ihindagurika ry'amashanyarazi ya grid, bivuze ko ntashoboraga gutanga umuvuduko nyawo wo gusharija EV kuri connector igendanwa.
Impamo ya Tesla Nerd: Imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi za Tesla zitumijwe nyuma y'Ugushyingo 2021 zishobora gusharija kuri 10A cyangwa 15A yuzuye, bitewe n'umurizo wakoreshejwe.
Inama y'inzobere: Niba ufite Tesla iheruka kandi ukaba ufite amahirwe yo kugira aho isohoka mu modoka mu buryo butatu, ushobora kugura umurizo w'umuntu wa gatatu ushobora gusharija hagati ya 4.8 na 7kW (20 na 32A) ukoresheje connector igendanwa.
Umuvuduko wo Gushaja: Intera iri hagati ya 40 km/h (igice kimwe) cyangwa kugeza kuri 130 km/h (igice bitatu)
Gutanga amashanyarazi ku rwego rwa 2 bisaba charger yihariye yo ku rukuta ifite insinga zayo bwite zisubira ku murongo w'amashanyarazi wawe.
Gutanga charger zo ku rwego rwa 2 bigura hagati ya $900 na $2500 ku bikoresho, ndetse no hagati ya $500 na $1000 kugira ngo ubishyireho. Iki giciro kandi gifata ko amashanyarazi yawe n'amashanyarazi bishobora kwihanganira umutwaro w'inyongera. Niba bitashoboka, kuvugurura ibikoresho byawe bishobora gutwara ibihumbi by'amadolari.
Shajara ya 7 kW yo ku rwego rwa 2 ifite icyiciro kimwe ishobora kongeraho kilometero 40 ku isaha. Niba imodoka yawe ishobora kuyitwara, shajara ya 22 kW yo ku rwego rwa gatatu ya 22 kW yongereraho kilometero 130 ku isaha.
Impamo y'Abahanga: Nubwo charger zo mu byiciro bitatu, level-2 zishobora gushyiramo imbaraga zigera kuri 22 kW, imodoka nyinshi ntizishobora guhindura ingufu za AC vuba. Reba imiterere y'imodoka yawe kugira ngo urebe igiciro ntarengwa cyo gushyushya AC.
Iyi charger ni DC rwose kandi ifite umuvuduko uri hagati ya 50 kW na 350 kW. Igura arenga $100.000 kuyishyiraho kandi isaba isoko ry'amashanyarazi rinini, bityo ntabwo ushobora kuyishyira mu rugo rwawe.
Umuyoboro wa Tesla wa Supercharger ni wo uzwi cyane kurusha iyindi shajara yo ku rwego rwa 3. Supercharger isanzwe cyane ya "V2″ ifite umuvuduko ntarengwa wa 120 kW n'urugendo rwo mu kirere rwa kilometero 180 mu minota 15.
Urusobe rw'amasitasiyo ya Tesla ya Supercharger rubaha amahirwe yo guhangana kurusha andi masosiyete akora amashanyarazi bitewe n'aho aherereye ku nzira zizwi zo gutemberamo, uburyo bwo kwizera/gukora amasaha make, ndetse n'ubwinshi bw'amatarasiyo ugereranyije n'andi matarasiyo yo ku rwego rwa 3.
Ariko, uko imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zigenda ziyongera, hari izindi mbuga zihanganye zitezweho kuvuka hirya no hino mu gihugu no kunoza uburyo zizewe.
Ibyerekeye Tesla Nerd: Tesla Superchargers zo muri Ositaraliya zitukura n'umweru zisharija vuba, akenshi zisharija hagati ya 40-100 kW, bitewe n'umubare w'izindi modoka zizikoresha icyarimwe. Izindi superchargers zavuguruwe za 'V3' muri Ositaraliya zishobora sharija kugeza kuri 250 kW.
Inama y'inzobere: Itondere chargers za AC zigenda buhoro mu rugendo rwo mu muhanda. Zimwe mu chargers zo ku muhanda ni ubwoko bwa AC bugenda buhoro, zishobora gusarija hagati ya 3 na 22 kW. Izi zishobora kongeramo gato iyo uparitse imodoka, ariko ntizihuta bihagije kugira ngo zishyure neza mu rugendo.
Imodoka zose zikoresha amashanyarazi zigurishwa muri Ositaraliya guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 2020 zifite soketi yo gusharija AC yitwa 'Type 2′ (cyangwa rimwe na rimwe 'Mennekes').
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-02-2022
